Community Connection
For my community connection I went to a local "Old folks home". There my friend and I talked to a lady who was 97. She like to paint and was really amazing at it (when she was younger) She told us how much he life changed after her husband died and It was really sad. I was really happy that I was able to talk to her and keep her company. I hope to go back there and maybe even paint with her.
CSI project
Our final project was called CSI: catching killers. In this project there were three different crime scene that we could have been assigned to. I got crime scene #2. In this crime we had to determine the gender, height, cause of death and identity of a tub of human bone found in the San Juan Forest. the clonclusions that we had from the bone was that it was a male that was between 5'5 or 5'8. based on the dental records of missing males of 5'5 and 5'8 we assumed that it is Nathan Herro. We took some of the victims DNA and compared it to his mother's. The mtDNA is always identical to the mothers. THe mtDNA was a match. The victim was Nathan Herro, but who was the killer? After blood typing the blood found under the victims finger nails.
Reflection of your own participation and engagement
What did you like, hate, learn?
Reflection of your own participation and engagement
What did you like, hate, learn?
Urinalysis: Presence of E.coli, Staph, and Strep in Male and Female Urine Samples
Abstract
The Purpose of the urinalysis lab is to explore the presence of E. coli and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in male and female urine samples. This lab also allows for the practice of culture techniques used in a diagnostic laboratory. Agar plates were made using sterile technique; the plates were inoculated with urine and incubated for 72 hours. Then culture plates were checked for presence of bacteria. The data showed that the most common bacteria found in male samples is Staph. The most common bacteria female urine samples was E.coli and Strep.
Introduction
The Purpose of the urinalysis lab is to explore the presence of E. coli and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in male and female urine samples. This lab also allows for the practice of culture techniques used in a diagnostic laboratory. Urinary Tract Infections are caused most commonly by bacteria that get into the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Explain the symptoms of a UTI – explain why these symptoms occur. The three most common types of bacteria to cause a urinary tract infection are E.coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. E.coli is a fecal bacterium, Staph is a common skin bacterium, and Strep is a bacterium found in the throat and on the skin. Often the germs that cause this are found in the large intestine and can be found in stool. If the germs get inside the urethra it can travel to the kidney and cause an infection. Many symptoms occur when one suffers from a UTI. Such as feeling pain or burning when urinating, feeling like one has to urinate, but not much urine comes out. Also ones stomach feeling tender and heavy, cloudy urine, smells horrible, fever and the chills. UTI’s if not treated can forever damage the urinary tract. UTI’s are more likely to occur in females because they have shorter urethra, which make it easier for the bacteria to find its way to the bladder and cause infection.
E.coli, Staph, and Strep grows on two different agars EMB agar and Phenylethanol agar. Gram-negative bacteria will only be able to form on the EMB agar because of the bacteria’s specific diet. Gram-positive bacteria cannot form on the EMB agar. The bacteria that were tested for both Staph, and Strep will test gram-positive, and E. coli gram-negative. A catalase is a reaction specifically a chemical reaction that turns hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. To test if the bacterium is Staph, or Strep add hydrogen peroxide to the bacteria sample. If Staph is present, a catalase reaction will occur. Strep will not have a catalase reaction.
Hypothesis
1. If Escherichia coli is present in the urine sample, then green bacteria will grow on the EMB culture plate.
2.If Staphylococcus epidermidis is present in urine sample, then bacteria will grow on the Phenylethanol culture plate that bubbles when hydrogen peroxide is applied.
3.If Streptococcus is present in the urine sample, then bacteria will grow on the Phenylethanol culture plate that does not bubble in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
4. If females are more likely to contract a urinary tract infection, then bacteria will be present in more female urine samples than male urine samples.
Methods/Material
The procedures conducted in this lab include many steps. The first procedure is to disinfect the work surface and for everyone to disinfect hands. Then two Petri dish’s of one side Phenylethanol agar, and one side of EMB agar will be at each table (one for each person at table). After that each student supplies a urine sample. The urine is collected in a sterile container. The container should be completely sterile and not to have touched any part of the body. Once back in the class take a sterile Q-tip out of the plastic bag and without touching the tip of the Q-tip dip it in the urine sample. The next step is to inoculate the EMB side of the dish in a zigzag type movement. Be sure to cover the entire agar surface. Do the same with another Q-tip dip it in the urine and inoculate the Phenylethanol label the top of the container with the number given to you. Then put the Petri dishes at body temperature in the incubator for 48 hours. When the 48 hours passes observe and note the appearance of both sides of the Petri dish. Now test the S.epidermidis colonies on the plate with a drop of 3% hydrogen peroxide. Do this again on the other side of the dish with Phenylethanol. Notice if bubbling occurs on the spots the hydrogen peroxide is in touch with the culture. Bubbling is the positive reaction for the catalase. No bubbling is a negative reaction.
Results
A total of 16 male samples tested positive for bacteria in their urine sample. There were 69 samples in total of both female and male urine. 1 male tested positive for E.coli and the others tested negative. 14 males tested positive for Staph in their urine. 1 male tested positive for Strep and the rest tested negative. 19 females tested positive for bacteria in their urine. 6 tested positive for E.coli. Another 6 tested positive for Staph. Seven females tested positive for Strep.
Discussion
The purpose of the urinalysis lab is to explore the presence of E. coli and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in male and female urine samples. This lab also allows for the practice of culture techniques used in a diagnostic laboratory. Hypothesis one states if Escherichia coli is present in the urine sample, than green bacteria will grow on the EMB culture plate. This hypothesis can be accepted and rejected. The hypothesis can be accepted for 7 of the samples and 62 samples rejected it. The data that supports this conclusion is 7 samples total had E.coli in their urine sample, 1 male and 6 females. This means that females are more likely to get E.coli than males. Also since there were only 7 out of 62 samples had E.coli it is not very common to find E.coli in urine. Why is it that E.coli is very uncommon to find in urine? Hypothesis 2 states if Staphylococcus epidermidis is present in urine sample, and then bacteria will grow on the Phenylethanol culture plate that bubbles when hydrogen peroxide is applied. 20 samples accepted it and 49 rejected it. The data that supports this is a total of 20 samples had Staph in their urine sample, 14 males and 6 females. This suggests that Staph is slightly more common to find in males urine. Also that Staph is common to find in urine since 20 samples tested positive. Why was Staph more commonly found in the male’s urine sample? Hypothesis 3 states if Streptococcus is present in the urine sample, then bacteria will grow on the Phenylethanol culture plate that does not bubble in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. 8 samples accepted this and 61 rejected it. The data that supports this is a total of 8 students had Strep in their urine, 1 male and 7 females. This means that females are far more likely to have Strep than males. It also means that Strep is not very commonly found in urine samples since only 8 samples were found to have it. Why is Strep found in a significant amount more of female urine samples than male? The choice hypothesis states if females are more likely to contract a urinary tract infection, then bacteria will be present in more female urine samples than male urine samples. 35 samples accepted it and 34 samples rejected it. The data that supports this is a total of 35 samples have some kind of bacteria in their urine sample, 19 females and 16 males had some kind of bacteria. This data suggests that females are not much more likely to have some form of bacteria in their urine. It also suggests that almost 50% of samples have bacteria in their urine. Why are females not much more likely to have bacteria in their urine than males if they are more prone to get UTI’s? Since females have a shorter urethra than males it allows the bacteria to get into the urinary tract faster.
The Purpose of the urinalysis lab is to explore the presence of E. coli and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in male and female urine samples. This lab also allows for the practice of culture techniques used in a diagnostic laboratory. Agar plates were made using sterile technique; the plates were inoculated with urine and incubated for 72 hours. Then culture plates were checked for presence of bacteria. The data showed that the most common bacteria found in male samples is Staph. The most common bacteria female urine samples was E.coli and Strep.
Introduction
The Purpose of the urinalysis lab is to explore the presence of E. coli and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in male and female urine samples. This lab also allows for the practice of culture techniques used in a diagnostic laboratory. Urinary Tract Infections are caused most commonly by bacteria that get into the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Explain the symptoms of a UTI – explain why these symptoms occur. The three most common types of bacteria to cause a urinary tract infection are E.coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. E.coli is a fecal bacterium, Staph is a common skin bacterium, and Strep is a bacterium found in the throat and on the skin. Often the germs that cause this are found in the large intestine and can be found in stool. If the germs get inside the urethra it can travel to the kidney and cause an infection. Many symptoms occur when one suffers from a UTI. Such as feeling pain or burning when urinating, feeling like one has to urinate, but not much urine comes out. Also ones stomach feeling tender and heavy, cloudy urine, smells horrible, fever and the chills. UTI’s if not treated can forever damage the urinary tract. UTI’s are more likely to occur in females because they have shorter urethra, which make it easier for the bacteria to find its way to the bladder and cause infection.
E.coli, Staph, and Strep grows on two different agars EMB agar and Phenylethanol agar. Gram-negative bacteria will only be able to form on the EMB agar because of the bacteria’s specific diet. Gram-positive bacteria cannot form on the EMB agar. The bacteria that were tested for both Staph, and Strep will test gram-positive, and E. coli gram-negative. A catalase is a reaction specifically a chemical reaction that turns hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. To test if the bacterium is Staph, or Strep add hydrogen peroxide to the bacteria sample. If Staph is present, a catalase reaction will occur. Strep will not have a catalase reaction.
Hypothesis
1. If Escherichia coli is present in the urine sample, then green bacteria will grow on the EMB culture plate.
2.If Staphylococcus epidermidis is present in urine sample, then bacteria will grow on the Phenylethanol culture plate that bubbles when hydrogen peroxide is applied.
3.If Streptococcus is present in the urine sample, then bacteria will grow on the Phenylethanol culture plate that does not bubble in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
4. If females are more likely to contract a urinary tract infection, then bacteria will be present in more female urine samples than male urine samples.
Methods/Material
The procedures conducted in this lab include many steps. The first procedure is to disinfect the work surface and for everyone to disinfect hands. Then two Petri dish’s of one side Phenylethanol agar, and one side of EMB agar will be at each table (one for each person at table). After that each student supplies a urine sample. The urine is collected in a sterile container. The container should be completely sterile and not to have touched any part of the body. Once back in the class take a sterile Q-tip out of the plastic bag and without touching the tip of the Q-tip dip it in the urine sample. The next step is to inoculate the EMB side of the dish in a zigzag type movement. Be sure to cover the entire agar surface. Do the same with another Q-tip dip it in the urine and inoculate the Phenylethanol label the top of the container with the number given to you. Then put the Petri dishes at body temperature in the incubator for 48 hours. When the 48 hours passes observe and note the appearance of both sides of the Petri dish. Now test the S.epidermidis colonies on the plate with a drop of 3% hydrogen peroxide. Do this again on the other side of the dish with Phenylethanol. Notice if bubbling occurs on the spots the hydrogen peroxide is in touch with the culture. Bubbling is the positive reaction for the catalase. No bubbling is a negative reaction.
Results
A total of 16 male samples tested positive for bacteria in their urine sample. There were 69 samples in total of both female and male urine. 1 male tested positive for E.coli and the others tested negative. 14 males tested positive for Staph in their urine. 1 male tested positive for Strep and the rest tested negative. 19 females tested positive for bacteria in their urine. 6 tested positive for E.coli. Another 6 tested positive for Staph. Seven females tested positive for Strep.
Discussion
The purpose of the urinalysis lab is to explore the presence of E. coli and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in male and female urine samples. This lab also allows for the practice of culture techniques used in a diagnostic laboratory. Hypothesis one states if Escherichia coli is present in the urine sample, than green bacteria will grow on the EMB culture plate. This hypothesis can be accepted and rejected. The hypothesis can be accepted for 7 of the samples and 62 samples rejected it. The data that supports this conclusion is 7 samples total had E.coli in their urine sample, 1 male and 6 females. This means that females are more likely to get E.coli than males. Also since there were only 7 out of 62 samples had E.coli it is not very common to find E.coli in urine. Why is it that E.coli is very uncommon to find in urine? Hypothesis 2 states if Staphylococcus epidermidis is present in urine sample, and then bacteria will grow on the Phenylethanol culture plate that bubbles when hydrogen peroxide is applied. 20 samples accepted it and 49 rejected it. The data that supports this is a total of 20 samples had Staph in their urine sample, 14 males and 6 females. This suggests that Staph is slightly more common to find in males urine. Also that Staph is common to find in urine since 20 samples tested positive. Why was Staph more commonly found in the male’s urine sample? Hypothesis 3 states if Streptococcus is present in the urine sample, then bacteria will grow on the Phenylethanol culture plate that does not bubble in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. 8 samples accepted this and 61 rejected it. The data that supports this is a total of 8 students had Strep in their urine, 1 male and 7 females. This means that females are far more likely to have Strep than males. It also means that Strep is not very commonly found in urine samples since only 8 samples were found to have it. Why is Strep found in a significant amount more of female urine samples than male? The choice hypothesis states if females are more likely to contract a urinary tract infection, then bacteria will be present in more female urine samples than male urine samples. 35 samples accepted it and 34 samples rejected it. The data that supports this is a total of 35 samples have some kind of bacteria in their urine sample, 19 females and 16 males had some kind of bacteria. This data suggests that females are not much more likely to have some form of bacteria in their urine. It also suggests that almost 50% of samples have bacteria in their urine. Why are females not much more likely to have bacteria in their urine than males if they are more prone to get UTI’s? Since females have a shorter urethra than males it allows the bacteria to get into the urinary tract faster.
Monkey Meal Plan
Category: Regular Meal For Monkey
Total Carbs: 340.02 grams Total Fats: 192.1 Total Sugars: 121.58 Makes: 97oz/48.5 cups Serve in: Cups Prep Time: About 12 hours Ingredients: · 0.875 cups of cream · 0.373 cups of saltines · 1.5 cups of banana · 1.25 cups of avocados · 1.25 cups of pumpkins seeds · 1.25 cups of cantaloupe · 1.875 cups of blueberries · 1.25 cups of carrots · 2.5 cups of sugar free vanilla pudding Directions: 1. Slice banana, avocados, cantaloupe, blueberries and carrots. 2. Put chopped vegetables and fruits in food processor. 3. Add saltines and pumpkin seed into food processor. 4. In a big bowl mix the cream and sugar free vanilla pudding. 5. Slowly add the food from the food processor into the bowl with the pudding. 6. Stir till blended. 7. Place mixture in to 2oz cups 8. Place popsicle sticks in to center 9. Place cup into the freezer and wait till they freeze 10. Serve frozen |
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DNS Survey
The objective of the Durango nature studies trip was to evaluate the ecosystem and the inhabitants. The water quality, veg plots, leopard frogs, Bullfrogs ,and macroinvertebrates were sampled. The Durango Nature Studies is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1994. Durango Nature studies purpose is to provide and outdoor education for children and adults alike. It is located at 1309 E 3rd Ave #34, Durango, CO.
The Water quality is determined by phosphate levels, dissolved oxygen levels, pH levels, nitrate levels and coliform. The test was done in the Florida River and the pond. Macroinvertebrates were caught in both the both the Florida river and pond. Leopard Frogs (Rana Pipians) were caught and counted.
Species Overview
Rana Pipiens
The northern leopard frog has faced population decline, and has been considered endangered in some parts of their range. Nonetheless, in some places they are still abundant. They were formerly abundant, but because of different aspects including introduced predators, habitat destruction, and disease. (Smith, 2004) The northern leopard froThey are typically a moderate size (5.1 – 9.0 cm SVL) (Smith, 2004) The northern leopard frog typically can be found in cooler climates, and its population range encompasses most of the northern states of the United States and far north into Canada. The species ranges southwards only in the western United States, in the higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains. (Smith, 2004) In order for a leopard frog, their habitat requirements can be categorized into three major types, which eat suit a leopard frog at different periods of their life: a winter habitat (they then stay/hibernate underwater in lakes, streams, and ponds), summer habitat (adults feed in upland areas), and tadpole habitat (tadpole life spent in shallow breeding ponds). (Smith, 2004) Rana Pipiens are considered generalist herbivores? They primarily eat free-floating algae. However, subadult and adult leopard frogs are carnivorous, when they primarily feed on insects, but there have been cases of leopard frogs eating whatever moved and was small enough for them to fit in their mouth. (Smith, 2004)
During the winter, leopard frogs hibernate on lake bottoms, often under debris, and areas with a high concentration of oxygen. They also are known to dig shallow pits at the bottom of sandy ponds as overwintering sites. (Smith, 2004) They breed mid-March to mid-May typically, and breed (27). Leopard frogs lay a range of 645 – 6272 eggs, which may mean that females produce some 9000 eggs during their lifetime. (Smith, 2004)
Rana catesbeina
Rana catesbeina is the scientific name for the bullfrog. Bullfrogs are the largest frogs in North America. They are classified by their large eardrums and their dorsal-lateral flap of skin (they have external ears). The American bullfrog is typically 10-18 cm from snout to vent. The bullfrog is native to eastern North America, but this species has been introduced in over 40 countries. Invasive populations have been established in the western U.S and Europe. Bullfrogs are generalist predators, which means they eat anything they can fit in their mouth. In the winter they are dormant, which means they live under water in ponds, streams, and rivers.
Bullfrogs have prolonged breeding seasons that begin in late May or early June and end in July. The females can produce up to 2,000 eggs in one layer of eggs. Bullfrogs are very territorial and will compete with each other. Bullfrogs are considered an invasive species in the state of Colorado. Bullfrogs are driving other frogs to extinction because they are very invasive, territorial, and carry a fungus that kills other frogs as well as themselves. They carry a fungus called Batrachaochytrium debrabtdis that causes the disease Chytridonycosis.
Results
The diversity of an environment is measured by The Shannon Weiner log. The Veg plot diversity was 1.3. The diversity of macroinvertebrates in the pond was 1.47, While the biodiversity in the river was 1.42. The durango nature studies is thriving. A Shannon-Weiner Index above one is considered adequate. The phosphate level for the pond was 5 ppm which is considered to be high. It was 4 ppm for the river, which is also considered to be high. The dissolved oxygen level in the river was inconclusive. The pond was 7.5 mg/L, which is normal pH level for the pond and the river was 8, which is alkaline. Nitrate levels for the pond and river are both considered unpolluted. The river was 1 ppm and the pond was 2 ppm. Coliform was positive for both the pond and the river. Based on these surveys the leopard frog population is estimated to be 6.
Discussion & Recommendations
Monitoring
Diversity is important in an ecosystem because it ensures stability. The Shannon-Weiner Index can be used to quantify the diversity of an area. Macroinvertebrates and plants were used to sample diversity. The reason these organisms were used is because they are low on the energy pyramid. The greater diversity there is in the lower trophic levels, the greater diversity there will be in the higher trophic levels. Also, they are easy to sample. Based on the Shannon-Weiner indices calculated it can be determined that the diversity on the DNS property is adequate.
During visual encounter surveys it is assumed that each frog has an equal chance of being captured and that each frog is only encountered once. This isn’t likely for how the visual encounter survey was carried out at Durango Nature Studies. Most likely each frog was recaptured and recounted possibly a few times. Using a mark-recapture method and marking them with elastomer would ensure that each frog is only counted once. It is recommended that mark-recapture be used next year for estimating populations of leopard frogs and bullfrogs.
To catch more bullfrogs on the DNS property there are a few new techniques that could effectively catch and remove them from the property. To increase accuracy when counting species, there should be on class per week, instead of having all the classes go to the Durango Nature Studies in the same week a class could go per week. This would reduce the chance of scaring off the frogs and reduce impact on the property.
Pitfall traps could be used to catch more frogs. Pitfalls come in 2 main forms wet and dry. Dry pitfall traps consist of a container (tin, jar or drum) buried in the ground with its rim at surface level used to trap mobile animals that fall into it. The pitfall traps should be set up 24 hours prior to the first field-work day. Pitfall traps should be checked every 24 hours so the amphibians don’t die. To reduce mortality a wet sponge should be placed in the trap so the amphibians do not dry out.
The Water quality is determined by phosphate levels, dissolved oxygen levels, pH levels, nitrate levels and coliform. The test was done in the Florida River and the pond. Macroinvertebrates were caught in both the both the Florida river and pond. Leopard Frogs (Rana Pipians) were caught and counted.
Species Overview
Rana Pipiens
The northern leopard frog has faced population decline, and has been considered endangered in some parts of their range. Nonetheless, in some places they are still abundant. They were formerly abundant, but because of different aspects including introduced predators, habitat destruction, and disease. (Smith, 2004) The northern leopard froThey are typically a moderate size (5.1 – 9.0 cm SVL) (Smith, 2004) The northern leopard frog typically can be found in cooler climates, and its population range encompasses most of the northern states of the United States and far north into Canada. The species ranges southwards only in the western United States, in the higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains. (Smith, 2004) In order for a leopard frog, their habitat requirements can be categorized into three major types, which eat suit a leopard frog at different periods of their life: a winter habitat (they then stay/hibernate underwater in lakes, streams, and ponds), summer habitat (adults feed in upland areas), and tadpole habitat (tadpole life spent in shallow breeding ponds). (Smith, 2004) Rana Pipiens are considered generalist herbivores? They primarily eat free-floating algae. However, subadult and adult leopard frogs are carnivorous, when they primarily feed on insects, but there have been cases of leopard frogs eating whatever moved and was small enough for them to fit in their mouth. (Smith, 2004)
During the winter, leopard frogs hibernate on lake bottoms, often under debris, and areas with a high concentration of oxygen. They also are known to dig shallow pits at the bottom of sandy ponds as overwintering sites. (Smith, 2004) They breed mid-March to mid-May typically, and breed (27). Leopard frogs lay a range of 645 – 6272 eggs, which may mean that females produce some 9000 eggs during their lifetime. (Smith, 2004)
Rana catesbeina
Rana catesbeina is the scientific name for the bullfrog. Bullfrogs are the largest frogs in North America. They are classified by their large eardrums and their dorsal-lateral flap of skin (they have external ears). The American bullfrog is typically 10-18 cm from snout to vent. The bullfrog is native to eastern North America, but this species has been introduced in over 40 countries. Invasive populations have been established in the western U.S and Europe. Bullfrogs are generalist predators, which means they eat anything they can fit in their mouth. In the winter they are dormant, which means they live under water in ponds, streams, and rivers.
Bullfrogs have prolonged breeding seasons that begin in late May or early June and end in July. The females can produce up to 2,000 eggs in one layer of eggs. Bullfrogs are very territorial and will compete with each other. Bullfrogs are considered an invasive species in the state of Colorado. Bullfrogs are driving other frogs to extinction because they are very invasive, territorial, and carry a fungus that kills other frogs as well as themselves. They carry a fungus called Batrachaochytrium debrabtdis that causes the disease Chytridonycosis.
Results
The diversity of an environment is measured by The Shannon Weiner log. The Veg plot diversity was 1.3. The diversity of macroinvertebrates in the pond was 1.47, While the biodiversity in the river was 1.42. The durango nature studies is thriving. A Shannon-Weiner Index above one is considered adequate. The phosphate level for the pond was 5 ppm which is considered to be high. It was 4 ppm for the river, which is also considered to be high. The dissolved oxygen level in the river was inconclusive. The pond was 7.5 mg/L, which is normal pH level for the pond and the river was 8, which is alkaline. Nitrate levels for the pond and river are both considered unpolluted. The river was 1 ppm and the pond was 2 ppm. Coliform was positive for both the pond and the river. Based on these surveys the leopard frog population is estimated to be 6.
Discussion & Recommendations
Monitoring
Diversity is important in an ecosystem because it ensures stability. The Shannon-Weiner Index can be used to quantify the diversity of an area. Macroinvertebrates and plants were used to sample diversity. The reason these organisms were used is because they are low on the energy pyramid. The greater diversity there is in the lower trophic levels, the greater diversity there will be in the higher trophic levels. Also, they are easy to sample. Based on the Shannon-Weiner indices calculated it can be determined that the diversity on the DNS property is adequate.
During visual encounter surveys it is assumed that each frog has an equal chance of being captured and that each frog is only encountered once. This isn’t likely for how the visual encounter survey was carried out at Durango Nature Studies. Most likely each frog was recaptured and recounted possibly a few times. Using a mark-recapture method and marking them with elastomer would ensure that each frog is only counted once. It is recommended that mark-recapture be used next year for estimating populations of leopard frogs and bullfrogs.
To catch more bullfrogs on the DNS property there are a few new techniques that could effectively catch and remove them from the property. To increase accuracy when counting species, there should be on class per week, instead of having all the classes go to the Durango Nature Studies in the same week a class could go per week. This would reduce the chance of scaring off the frogs and reduce impact on the property.
Pitfall traps could be used to catch more frogs. Pitfalls come in 2 main forms wet and dry. Dry pitfall traps consist of a container (tin, jar or drum) buried in the ground with its rim at surface level used to trap mobile animals that fall into it. The pitfall traps should be set up 24 hours prior to the first field-work day. Pitfall traps should be checked every 24 hours so the amphibians don’t die. To reduce mortality a wet sponge should be placed in the trap so the amphibians do not dry out.